European+Nationalism

European Nationalism

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1800-1918 --" Americans are not a perfect people, but we are called to a perfect mission." andrew Jackson --"A friend is one who has the same enemies as you have." Abe Lincoln

10 links
 * 1) [|Rise of Nationalism]-This link discusses how much of an important factor nationalism was in Europe and how Europe struggles for their independence along with a timeline of events.
 * 2) [|Pan- European]- This link link provides information about how Europe developed and it also an article for people who believe that Europe should be a single nation.
 * 3) [|Web Links]- The webpage provides serveral links to go to to find information and history about specific times, events or dates from this time period.
 * 4) [|The Washington Post]- This article is from The Washington Post and it gives a brief history of this era but is mostly about the chances of the European nation coming to a fall.
 * 5) [|Nationalism Problem]-This page is about the struggles Europe faced during this era mainly due to the strong enforcments on nationalism and change in the international system.
 * 6) [|European History]- This link is about the events that led up to the European nation and many other events that happened during this era including influencial people that had a huge effet on history from this period.
 * 7) [|European Nationalism]- This site is an overview of this era and it discusses how important nationalism was in Europe and it also gives you the citaction of this webpage to track down your information later on.
 * 8) [|Nationalism]- This site gives you the definition of nationalism and gives examples of people protraying nationalism along with discusses the importance of it.
 * 9) [|Empire Within Europe]- This link talks about many of the details in the formation of the European Empire such as the importance of nationalism and how it protrayed though the people.
 * 10) [|Rising Europe]- This webpage is about the rise of Europe and what events led it to be such a powerful and well know nation along with some of the people that made an impact on the nation.

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**__People:__**


 * 1. Klemens von Metternich**: He was the leader of the Congress of Vienna and was the Austrian foreign minister; he claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy
 * 2. Louis-Napoleon**: He was in the election for presidency in December 1848. His original name is Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and is the nephew of the well known French ruler
 * 3. Guiseppe Garibaldi**: He was a dedicated Italian patriot who raised an army of a thousand volunteers and called them the Red Shirts
 * 4. Otto von Bismarck**: He became a new prime minister after William I appointed him. He was often seen as the foremost nineteenth-century practitioner of realpolitik
 * 5. Queen Victoria**: She reigned from 1837-1901, which was the longest reign in English history. She had a good sense of duty and moral that reflected the attitudes of her age
 * 6. Czar Alexandre II**: He issued an emancipation edict on March 3, 1861, which freed the serfs. He tried to make other reforms but soon figured out that he could please no one
 * 7. Andrew Jackson**: He was elected president of the United States in 1828. This had opened up a new era in American politics.
 * 8. Abraham Lincoln**: He was elected president of the United States in November 1860. Lincoln created an Emancipation Proclamation that declared the majority of the nations slaves free
 * 9. John Macdonald**: He was head of Upper Canada’s Conservative Party. He became a strong voice for self -government. He also became the first prime minister of the Dominion
 * 10. Louis-Philippe**: He created a government that refused to make any changes, and this caused opposition to grow. Eventually the monarchy was overthrown in 1848.

__Vocab:__

 * Principle of Legitimacy**: This was when lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled would be restored to their positions of power
 * Concert of Europe**: To maintain the new balance of power, the countries of Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria met and had conferences
 * Principle of Intervention**: This stated that the great powers had the right and authority to send armies to countries where there were revolutions
 * Liberalism**: This is a political philosophy based largely on Enlightenment principles; people should be as free as possible from government restraint
 * Universal Male Suffrage**: A new form of election that was drawn up by the assembly that states that all adult men are allowed to vote
 * Second Republic**: A republic that had a single legislature elected by universal male suffrage, a president was elected and served for four years
 * German Confederation**: This was thirty-eight independent German states; Austria and Prussia were two great powers and the other states varied in size
 * Frankfurt Assembly**: An all-German parliament that was held to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream, this plan failed to achieve its goal
 * Multinational State**: This was a collection of many different peoples including Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians
 * Red Shirts**: An army of a thousand volunteers who were lead by Giuseppe Garibaldi; called this because of the color of their uniform
 * Realpolitik**: This is practical politics that is based on practical matters rather than on theory or on ethics; “Politics of reality”
 * Sedan**: On the day September 2, 1870, an entire French army along with the French Ruler, Napoleon III, were captured here
 * Plebiscite**: Or popular vote; Louis Napoleon returned to ask for the restoration of the empire 97% responded with a yes vote
 * Emancipation**: An edict issued on March 3rd, 1861 that freed the Serfs, peasants could now own property and marry as they chose
 * British North American Ac**t: This Act established a new Canadian Nation which had its own constitution; John MacDonald became the first Prime Minister of this Nation

=__**Paragraphs**__= ===**After Napoleons defeat the Congress of Vienna tried to settle political and territorial issues. The main provisions of the Congress of Vienna were legitimacy which was to restore monarchs, Balance of Power or to keep on country from dominating, Conservatism or obedience to authority, Intervention which were armies to stop revolution, and finally concert of Europe or negotiations to avoid war. There were many different leaders of this congress but the main was Prince Klemens von Metternich or the “Coachman of Europe”. He was the President of the Congress and in charge of enforcing what had to be done to complete European Nationalism.**===

===**Once again a French Revolution. This revolution came about from economic problems that brought hardship to Frances lower class, and peasants. Another problem was the fact that middle class citizens could not vote. When Louis-Philippe refused to make any changes the conflict grew. The government was overthrown in 1848. Later a new constitution set up a republic which was called Second Republic. This new republic had on legislature who was elected by universal male suffrage, and a president who was also chosen in this way. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won a victory.**===

===**There were also attempts to revolt in The Austrian Empire. The main problem with the Austrian Empire was the variety of people that lived there also called multinational state. There were Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians. One of the attempts was from the Czechs who wanted their own government. Eventually in an attempted to take control of the empire again, the Austrian military forces crushed the Czech rebels in Prague. They also stopped the Vienna revolutionary forces. The Vienna Revolutionary forces wanted a liberal constitution, which in return the Austrian Empire gave Hungary its own legislature. By 1849 all of the revolutions were stopped in the Austrian Empire.**===

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