Gandhi+and+Indian+Independence

=**Indian Independence By: Reed Cronin, Ashley Bixby, Sawyer Uetz, Amanda Levin**= 1869-1950

 A coward is incapable of exhibiting love; it is the prerogative of the brave. --Ghandi  A man is but the product of his thoughts what he thinks, he becomes. --Ghandi

__**Terms:**__

 * Mahatma**: By the time of WWI, the Indian people had already begun to refer Gandhi as India's "Great Soul." After the war Gandhi remained an important figure.
 * Civil Disobedience**: This is known as the refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust. Gandhi was known to have used these principles.
 * Armitsar**: In 1919, protests led to violence and a strong British reaction. British troops killed hundreds of unarmed protesters in this city in 1919.
 * Salt March**: When he was accompanied, Gandhi walked to the sea on what became known as this. When he reached the coast he picked up a pinch of salt and thousands followed him.
 * Pakistan**: Muhammad Ali Jinnah was beginning to believe in the creation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan which means "the land of the pure."
 * Muslim League**: This was a political group that led a movement calling for a separate Muslim nation under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 * Government of India Act**: The Government of India Acts were a succession of measures passed by the British Parliament between 1773 and 1935 to regulate the government of India.
 * Indian National Congress**: This group was led by Jawaharlal Nehru. Members of this group proposed economic reforms and wanted a larger role in the British policy for India.
 * Sikhs**: Growing ethnic and religious strife presented a major problem. Sikhs are followers of a religion based on both Hindu and Muslim ideas.
 * Punjab**: Many Sikhs lived in the Punjab, or the northern province, and wanted it to be independent. Gandhi refused this wish and as a result Mother Teresa used her military force against Sikh rebels.
 * Missionaries of Charity**: In 1950, Mother Teresa and her followers established this group to help the poor and the sick. Over the years, Mother Teresa and her followers established numerous centers around the world.
 * Golden Temple**: When Gandhi refused to let the Punjab be independent, Mother Teresa used her military force against Sikh rebels who had taken refuge here. The Golden Temple was one of Sikhs most important shrines.
 * Adodhya**: In 1992 some Muslims and Hindus fought to control a holy place in the northern part of this town. Hindu militants destroyed a Muslim shrine here and as a result riots broke out all over India.
 * Kashmir**: This is a territory between the nations of India and Pakistan. One third of Kashmir belongs to Pakistan and the rest belongs to India.
 * Bangladesh**: In 1971, East Pakistan declared its independence and after a brief civil war it became its own nation. Bangladesh and Pakistan both had trouble establishing stable governments.

__**People:**__
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 * W.E.B. Du Bois**: He was an African American educated at Harvard University. He was the leader of a movement that tried to make all Africans aware of their own cultural heritage.
 * Marcus Garvey**: Garvey was a Jamaican who lived in Harlem in New York City. He stressed the need for unity of all Africans.
 * Mohandas Gandhi**: He had become active in the movement for Indian self-rule before World War 1. In India he had been known by the Indian people as “Great Soul.”
 * Jawaharlal Nehru**: He was the son of Motilal Nehru and studied law in Great Britain. The younger Nehru was an example of a new kind of Indian politician because he was upper class and an intellectual.
 * Ho Chi Minh**: In some countries, local Communists were briefly able to establish a cooperative relationship with existing nationalist parties in a common struggle against Western imperialism. This was true in French Indochina, where Vietnamese were organized by this Moscow-trained revolutionary.
 * Pol Pot**: He was from Cambodia and was a brutal revolutionary regime leader. He was the leader of the Khmer Rouge and massacred more than a million Cambodians.
 * Ferdinand Marcos**: He was the president of the Philippines but he was overthrown in the 1980’s. He was accused in the involvement in the killing of a popular opposition leader, Benigno Aquino.
 * Mother Teresa**: She was born in Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu to Albanian parents. When she was 18 she went to Ireland and became a missionary nun. Over the years Mother Teresa and her followers established numerous centers throughout the world to aid the hungry, the sick, and the poor.
 * Jomo Kenyatta**: Educated in Great Britain, Kenyatta of Kenya argued in his book //Facing Mount Kenya// that British rule was destroying the traditional culture if the peoples of Africa.
 * Nnamdi Azikiwe**: Azikiwe of Nigeria began a newspaper called //The West African Pilot// in 1937 that urged nonviolence as a method to gain independence.

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10 Links:
 * 1) [|Indian Indpendence Act of 1947]- This webpage gives specific information about this act in history and some of the other policies that began and are still going on in India.
 * 2) [|Ho Chi Minh]- This link is for a biography of Ho Chi Minh and what impact he had on India and how he changed India in todays point of view.
 * 3) [|Marcus Garvey]- This site is about Marcus Garvey and what impact he had on India including what his political saying ad ideas were.
 * 4) [|Mohandas Ghandi]- This link is a biography of Mohandas Ghandi and gives information about what he did, what things he was the leader of, and his effect on India's independence.
 * 5) [|Sikhs]- This webpage is about the sikhs and sikhism, it talks about the beliefs of these people and what religious efforts they are known for and take part in.
 * 6) [|Mother Teresa] This link gives you information about Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa and her followers have done a lot of work with the poor, sick, and hungary.
 * 7) [|The Salt March] This website talks about the Salt March. The Salt March was when Gandhi went to the coast and picked up a pinch of salt. As a result thousands followed him.
 * 8) [|The Muslim League] This site gives you inofrmation about the Muslim League. The Muslim League wanted a separate Muslim state under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 * 9) [|Indian National Congress] This webpage is about the Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress was a group that wanted a larger role in British policy for India.
 * 10) [|Pakistan] This link gives you information about the country Pakistan. Pakistan itself literally means "land of the pure." Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the ruler of Pakistan and he started to believe that Pakistan should be its own separate state.

Quiz 1. Indian National Congress formed in 1885 during the Governor –General ship of? Lord Dufferin 2. First Woman president of Indian National Congress? Annie Besant (1917) 3. Who was the first Muslim president of Indian National Congress Badruddin Tyabjee 4. Indian National Congress held its first session in 1885 at? Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay 5. What does the Saffron colour in our National Flag stand for? Renunciation (Sacrifice) 6. The first session of Indian National Congress was held under the presidentship of? W.C.Banerjee 7. When did the First war of Independence start? 1857 May 10 8. When was the Quit India movement started? 1942 August 8 at Bombay 9. Who was the founder of Indian National Congress? A.O.Hume(Allan Octavian Hume) 10. Who said ”Swaraj is my birth right and I must have it”? Bal Gangadhar Tilak 11. Jalianwala Bagh Massacre took place in the city of? Amritsar, April 13, 1919 12. Mahatma Gandhi was referred to as the “Father of the Nation” first by? Subhash Chandra Bose 13. Who composed the famous patriotic song “Sare Jahamse Acha”? Mohammed Iqbal 14. When was the Dandi March started? March 12, 1930 15. Who commented “The Cripps Mission was a post dated cheque drawn on a crashing bank? Mahatma Gandhi 16. A resolution asking complete independence (“Poorna Swaraj") for India was moved at which session of Indian National Congress? Lahore session (1929) under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru 17. Who was the president of Indian National Congress at the time of Indian Independence? Acharya Kripalani 18. Who was the president of Indian National Congress at the time of Gandhi-Irwin pact in Mar 5, 1931? Jawaharlal Nehru 19. Which was the summer capital of India during the British rule? Simla 20. “Vanar Sena” which participated in freedom struggle of India was led by? Indira Gandhi




 * Africans became more politically active after World War 1. From the war they had learned new ideas about freedom and nationalism in the West. At their schools they learned about liberty and equality, and soon realized how different Western ideals and practices were so they decided to seek reform. There were many different types of Reform movements, one including a man named Harry Thuku who protested high taxes levied by the British rulers by sending messages. One of the messages was "Hearken, everyy day you pay.... tax to the Europeans of Government. Where is it sent? It is their task to steal the property of the Kikuyu people." because of this message he was arrested. When he was arrested an angry crowed stormed the jail and demanded his release, at least twenty people were killed in this protest. After that Thuku was sent into exile.**


 * A man by the name of Mohandas Gandhi was one of the most important leaders in India’s independence movement. He was known to the Indian people as “Great Soul,” or Mahatma. His way of Protesting was called civil disobedience. Civil Disobedience is the refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust. In 1919 he led a protest that ended up getting violent and British troops ended up killing hundreds of unarmed protesters in Amritsar. After this incident Gandhi briefly stopped active politics, but was sent to prison for several years. Even though he was in prison his acts helped pass the Government of India Act, which expanded the role of Indeans in the governing process.**


 * With India’s new independence the Indian National Congress also called the Congress Party began to govern. This Congress was led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who worked with Gandhi in the fight for Indian independence. He had very strong ideas about India’s future, his goal was to be like the British political institution and have a parliamentary government and a moderate socialist economy. Under Nehru’s rule from 1950 to 1965 the Industrial production almost tripled because the state took ownership of major industries, utilities, and transportation. When Nehru died the Congress Party chose Indira Gandhi, his daughter, to be the Prime Minister. One of the most dificult things she and India had to face was the drastic populating growth. In only one year their population had grew at the rate of 2 percent. Because of this they had a result of worsening poverty.**