The+West+Between+Wars



1918-1939

"One People, One Empire, One Leader." --Hitler's Slogan "The revolution has begun." --Hitler

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__**Links:**__
[|The Great Depression] This link gives you great information on the Great Depression that affected North America, Europe, and other industrialized areas from 1929-1939. [|Benito Mussolini] This website gives you facts about "II Duce" or also known as the leader. This man is known as Benito Mussolini. [|Joseph Stalin] Joseph Stalin was known as the "Man of Steel". This website will give you information about Dzhugashvili (his real name) and howhe was the Soviet Dictator from 1925-1953. [|The Aryan Race] This link gives you information about the "Master Race" which consists of Germanic's and Nordic's. This is the race that Hitler tried to create in Europe. [|Adolf Hitler] This website gives you information about Adolf Hitler, who was rejected from the Academy of Fine Arts and was a dispatch runner to becoming known around the world. [|Mein Kampf] This link talks about the book that Hitler wrote while he was serving his time in jail after taking part in the Beer Hall Putsch. [|Gestapo] This website gives you information about the Gestapo. The Gestapo were the Nazi secret police and their main job was to persecute Germans, opponents of the regime, and Jews. [|Hitler Youth] This link talks about Hitler Youth. Hitler Youth was when young boys ages 10 to 18 were prepared for war and girls were trained for motherhood. [|Jesse Owens] This website explains the life of Jesse Owens. Jesse Owens won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. As a result, he ended the belief that Aryans were dominant. [|Nanking Massacre] This link gives you information about the Nanking Massacre which took place in Dec.1937. This event was when men, women, and children were raped, tortured, and killed.

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 * __Terms__**
 * Ruhr Valley- Germany government was unable to pay anymore money so France sent troops here, this was Germanys chief industrial and mining center
 * Deficit Spending- This is when a government pays out more money than I takes in through taxation and other revenues, so then they go into debt
 * Kellogg-Briand Pact—sixty three nations signed this accord which was written by Frank B Kellogg and Aristride Briana, these nations pledged to renounce war as an instrument of national policy
 * Fascism- this is a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing for a strong government led by a dictator ruler
 * OVRA- After the Fascists outlawed political parties they established secret police, These were ruled by Mussolini, their job was to watch the citizens
 * New Economic Policy- this policy was basically just a modified version of the old capitalist system, for example the peasants could sell their produce openly
 * Collectivization- This was a system in which private farms were eliminated by the government so the government owned all of the land and the pheasants worked on it
 * Lebensraum- This means living space through expansion, It also upholds the right of superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadership over the masses
 * Mein Kampf- This means “My struggle”, This was a book written by Adolf Hitler, He was in jail when he wrote it, the book talks about his ideas and life
 * Lateran Accords- this was Mussolini’s Compromise with the traditional institutions of Italy this was especially evident in his relationship with the Catholic Church
 * Depression-This is a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment, the most well-known depression period was the Great Depression
 * The Dawes Plan- this was named after the American banker who chaired the commission, first reduced reparations, it then coordinated Germany’s annual payments with its ability to pay
 * Collective bargaining- This was the right to negotiate with employers over wages and hours, the French New Deal gave workers this privilege
 * Totalitarian state- this is a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
 * Concentration camps- these were large prison camps set up for people who opposed the new regime, and for the Jews that were living in Germany
 * __People__**
 * 1) Adolf Hitler-“Der Fuhrer which means the leader was his nick name, He started out his leadership by being a corporal in World War One and getting the iron cross, then went on to be the leader of the Nazi Party, the Nazi party believed in only one race
 * 2) Friedrich Ebert- He was the first president of Weimar Republic, which was the governing body after World War One, this was formed on November 1918 and lasted tell 1934
 * 3) Joseph Stalin- he was called the man of steel, his real name is Dzhugashvile and he was the Dictator of the Soviet Union, one of the many things he did as dictator was outlawing belief in God and Churches
 * 4) Anton Drexler- he was the founder of the Nazi Party, which was founded in 1919, but without Adolf Hitler the party would not have made it as far
 * 5) Hermann Goering- this man was appointed commander of the Brown Shirts, which were also called the Storm Troops, these men were part of the Nazi Party
 * 6) Henrich Himmler- this man was appointed Vice Fuhrer or vice leader, he was appointed this, because Hitler found he needed more help if he was to rule over a great amount of land
 * 7) Joseph Goebbels- He was the Minister of Propaganda, this means he was in control of press, radio, and all other aspects of culture.
 * 8) Jesse Owens- He was a winner in the Olympic games and because of this skin color ended the belief that Aryans are dominant
 * 9) Chiang Kai-Shek- or Chiang Kai-shek, was the president of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1945 and was the leader of Chinese Nationalist forces
 * 10) Hirohito- he was the Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989 which was during the Showa Period or also called “ Bright Peace”

Many boundaries and new states were formed in Europe to try to keep peoples hopes and beliefs of having nationalism. Many people were angry of the placement of the borders which started several conflicts. Woodrow Wilson was the president during this time and he started the League of Nations to try to help resolve some of the conflicts going on such as unwise provisions. This organization was not succesfull due to things such as the failure of the United States joining ans the U.S. Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versialles. Overall, the League of Nations was unsuccessful and didnt resolve any of the peace problems that were occuring. There were also problems that occured in Germany because they started a new policy of passive resistance. This policy was to the Frence Occupation and did not go over well. The workers revolted by doing things such as going on strike, they were being paid by the government who was also lacking money. Due to the Government lack of money they paid these workers by simply printing more paper money which didnt turn out to be so simple. It actually just added to the bad inflation that had begun at the end of World War One. The money in Germany became so bad that in 1914 4.2 marks was equivalent to one U.S. dollar and it just kept getting worse. Eventually it was as bad as 4.2 trillion marks was the same as one U.S. dollar. Eventually, The Dawes Plan came about in 1924. This plan was named after an American banker who first staarted to fix some of the inflation. One major thing that came out of this plan was that it lent $200 million to Germany and opened many doors for American investation. The Dawes Plan was a huge help and got Europe back on their feet in the economy. In 1924 there was a small period were there was some prospeity which resulted in a economic downfall starting a major time known as the Great Depression. The depression started by falling outs in the economy and a crash in the U.S. stock market. Many investors just kept pulling out more and more money due to the panic that they were in which just added to the problem. The Governments did not know how to fix such horrible economic times so they started by lowering people wages and raising tariffs. This did not work to fix the problems either. After a lot of hard time people started to follow political leaders who stressed simple fixes to all of these problems for power in the 1930's. All in all, this was a very hard time in history and led to many people falling under the economic hardships.