The+Cold+War

C. Gorbachev, Kennan, Khrushchev


Terms
 * 1) Iron Curtain- this was the nickname used to refer to the Communist nations of Europe, Winston Churchill said “An iron curtain has descended across the continent
 * 2) United Nations- or the UN was made on April 1945, and was a international organization to settle world problems and avoid armed conflicts the first meeting was held San Francisco
 * 3) Security Council- this council was charged with the responsibility keeping world peace, there are five permanent members which are USA, Russia, Brittan, China, and France
 * 4) Truman Doctrine- this was made on March 14, 1947, and says the USA would provide military and economic aid to countries threatened by Communism
 * 5) Marshall Plan- this was made on 1947, this was US economic recovery for war-torn Europe, there were 13 billion __dollars__ in US loans
 * 6) Council For Mutual Assistance- or COMECON, was a Soviet plan to aid in rebuilding Soviet bloc nations they used the KGB which were the Soviet Secret Police
 * 7) Berlin Blockade- in 1948 the Soviets block entrances to Berlin and cut off Allied supplies to West Berlin, but US and British airplanes fly supplies into West Berlin
 * 8) North Atlantic Treaty Organization- or the NATO was created on April 1949 this was an military agreement providing mutual __help__ if attacked USA, Britain, France, Canada, West Germany, Italy, Belgium and Norway
 * 9) Warsaw Pact- in 1955, the military alliance of Communist Bloc nations USSR, East Germany, Albania, Czech, Poland, Hungary, and Romania “collective security”
 * 10) Arms Race- this was between USA and USSR and was a race to see who could create more advanced weapons, the USSR exploded their first Atomic Bomb in 1949
 * 11) Mutual Deterrence- This started when the USA and the USSR began the Arms Race, this meant that both the USA and the USSR both knew they had the ability to destroy each other, and this acted as a method to avoid war
 * 12) Space Race- this was similar to the Arms Race, but instead was a race to space, Sputnik was the first satellite to orbit the earth, and Yore Gagarin was the first man to travel in to space
 * 13) Cuban Missile Crisis- this occurred on October 1962, this was an event were the USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba and ships carried missiles headed for Cuba, because of this President Kennedy orders USA to blockade Cuban ports
 * 14) Glasnost- this means Openness, and the freedom of expression for Soviet citizens, it also eased harsh treatment of opponents of the Soviet system
 * 15) Perestroika- this means Restructuring, or gradual changing of Soviet economy, this allowed private enterprise, dismantling of national bureaucracy

People-
 * 1) Winston Churchill- He was the Prime Minister of England, on March 1946 he said “An iron Curtain has descended across the continent” when he said this he was referring to the Communist nations of Europe
 * 2) President Truman- he was the president of the United States of America, he made the Truman Doctrine during this time, this said the USA would Provide military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism
 * 3) George Kennan- He was called the Father of Containment, he made the Policy of Containment, this was a policy of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggression, he called communism “Malignant parasite”
 * 4) Nikita Khrushchev- He was the Soviet leader after Stalin’s death on March 1953, he wanted Peaceful-coexistence so he removed the harsh policies of Stalin’s government which is the concept of de-Stalinization.
 * 5) Yuri Gagarin- Russian Cosmonaut, He was the first man to travel in to space, he traveled in the Bostok which is the first Spaceship
 * 6) President Johnson- he was the president of the United States, and sent troops to Vietnam, he did this because of the Domino Theory
 * 7) Richard Nixon- He was a president of the United States and in 1973 used the phrase “Vietnamization”, this was an agreement with North Vietnam, that said USA would withdraw forces, “Peace with Honor”
 * 8) Leonid Brezhnev- He replaced Khrushchev as the Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982, he helped with the Strategic Arms Limitation or SALT, this limited the number of nuclear weapons of each nation
 * 9) Boris Yeltzin- He was the President of Russia, serving from 1991 to 1999, he was originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as of Gorbachev’s most powerful political opponents
 * 10) Mikhail Gorbachev- he said “We live in a new world. The Cold War has ended, the arms race has stopped, as has the insane militarization that mutilated our economy, public psyche and morals.”

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__Links:__
[|Yalta Conference] This website gives you information about the Yalta Conference held on February 4-11, 1945. The Big 3 met here to discuss German terms of surreneder and post war occupation of Germany. [|The Cold War] This link talks about the Cold War which lasted from 1945-1989. The Cold War was a period of international tension between the U.S and the USSR. [|The Iron Curtain] This website gives you information about the Iron Curtain. The Iron Curtain was the nickname used to refer to the Communist nations of Europe. [|The Truman Doctrine] This link talks about the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine was issued on March 14, 1947 and it stated that the USA would provide military and economic aid to countries threatened by Communism. [|The Warsaw Pact] This website gives you information about the Warsaw Pact in 1955. This is the military alliance of Communist Bock nations USSR, East Germany, Albania, Czech., Poland, Hungary, and Romania. [|Winston Churchill]- This is a biography about how Winston Churchill made an impact in the Cold War and how he changed this era in world history. [|George Kennan]-This webpage is about George Kennan and how his work effected other works such as his effect on the Truman Doctrine. [|Glasnost]This site is about what a glasnost this policy effeected the cold war for different social classes and people such as the untouchables. [|President Truman]- This webpage is about what changed from Truman being the president and how his reign as president effected history. [|Space Race]- This link discusses what happened during the arms race along with the events that took place and how the rankings turned out.

After the Axis powers were defeated in World War II, conflict arose between the US and the Soviets. Conflicts came up between many countries between 1945 and 1949 which led the two super powers to oppose each other. The first issue came about when the United States and Great Britain wanted the free nations of Eastern Europe to be able to choose their own form of government. Stalin was concerned that the nations would be ant-Soviet if they were allowed to choose their own government. The civil war in Greece also caused problems between the two super powers. They both supported opposite sides. Harry Truman was concerned when the British withdrew from Greece. He thought the Soviets would expand in the eastern Mediterranean so he created the Truman Doctrine. This stated that the United States would give money to any countries that were in danger of being taken over by Soviet expansion. The Marshall Plan was also created. It was designed to give money to countries that were economically struggling. These were the countries that were at risk to be taken over by communism. The Soviets thought the United States were trying to buy country's support. They answered with the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance which was an attempt to supporEastern European states but it failed because they did not have the money to support it. One more contributing factor to the Cold War was the division of Germany. It was divided into four zones. The United States, France, Great Britain and the Soviet Union each controlled one of the zones. The non-communist countries tried to unify the three western sections of Gremany and Berlin. They wanted to create a West German government. The Soviet Union did not want this to happen so they established a blockade preventing supplies and food from getting into the western zones. As a solution to this problem, the Berlin Airlift was put into action. The United States and Great Britain flew supplies in for ten months. Finally, in May, 1949 the Soviets gave in and lifted the blockade to avoid a WWIII.