Crisis+and+Absolutism+in+Europe

1550-1715

" We shall cut off the Kings head with the crown upon it!" --Cromwell " I will have but one mistress England, & no master." --Elizabeth I

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====**Europe in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and earyl eighteenth centuries was plagued by religious termoil. The religions of Catholicism, Calvinism, and Protestantism were all struggling for power. This caused leaders to either rise or fall based on the religious loyalty of their people. War broke out not only to gain power and land, but also to convert others to a specific religion. There were many people that apart in the rollercoaster of religion. One of these peoplewas Henry of Navarre. He was the leader of the Huguenots.**====

====**Henry became King of France in 1594. He soon realized he would not be accepted as King becausehe was Protestant. As a result, he converted over to Catholicism. The fighting in France between the Huguenots and the Catholics. He issued the Edict of Nanteswhich said Catholicism was the official religion of France, but teh Huguenots were free to worship however they pleased. The Edict of Nantesalso stated that they would be able to hold public office. North of France, Englandwas ruled by Elizabeth Tudor.**====

====**Elizabeth became Queen in 1558. She was determined to solve the religious problems her Catholic half sister left for her. She worked as a peace maker to keep e veryone happy. The church of England was pretty much Protestant but wasnt so strict. Elizabeth tried to balance the power among Spain and France. She knew war wouldn't be good for England but she couldn't control Spain. In 1588, Philip II sent the Spanish armada to invade England. He thought that he could conquor England and make it a Catholic counrty. However, his aramda failed and England remained a Protestant country.**====

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 * __10 Links: __**
 * 1) [|Europe in Crisis]- This link discusses the wars of religion between the Catholics and Protestants and the other conflict Europe had to face in this period.
 * 2) [|Quiz Questions]- This cite gives you questions and answers about the Crisis and Absolutism in Eurpope to quiz yourself.
 * 3) [|Student Handouts]- The page gives you information on each topic from this era including vocab words.
 * 4) [|The Spanish Armanda]- This link talks about what was The Spanish Armanda and how it effecting society during this era.
 * 5) [|The palace at Versailles]- The palace at Versailles is what this link talks about and all of the history of it.
 * 6) [|Ivan the Terrible]-This cite is about Ivan the Terrible and some of the things he did under his rule and how it effected others.
 * 7) [|Age of Absolutism]- This link is about the Age of absolutism and the history of this time including wars, regions and people from this time.
 * 8) [|Prussia]- This cite discusses the history of Prussia and the events that took place in this region.
 * 9) [|The Divine Right of Kings]-This link is about the power and authority the kings had during this era and there power was expressed through the guidelines called The Divine Right of Kings.
 * 10) [|Louis XIV]-This cite is a biography about Louis XIV and the history about him along with what he did during his reign.
 * __Terms:__**
 * 1) **Puritans-**protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas, did not like the kings strong defense of the church of England
 * 2) **Gentry**- Mostly well to do land owners, they had become puritans, and formed an important part of the house of commons
 * 3) **Huguenots-** Called French protestants by the Calvinists they were influenced by John Calvin, later made up 7 percent of the total French population
 * 4) **Armada**- A fleet of warships used to invade England, that were under the command of the Duke of Medina Sedona in 1588
 * 5) **Absolution**- was a system in which a ruler holds total power, it was tied to the idea of the divine right or kings
 * 6) **Rump parliament-** This parliament had Charles the first executed on January 30 1649, it also abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords
 * 7) **Inflation-** This means rising in prices of goods, it is caused by great influx or gold and silver brought from the Americas
 * 8) **Czar-** This is the Russian word for Caesar, Ivan the IV became the first ruler to ever claim this name
 * 9) **Ultra Catholic-** These people strongly opposed the Huguenots, They also possessed the loyalty of sections of northern and northwestern France
 * 10) **Militant-** Calvinism and Catholicism became this during this time period, it means to be aggressive in trying to win converts to the religion
 * 11) **Rock a bye baby-** This was a lullaby based on the birth of James II son, who was forced to give up the crown in 1688 and fled to France
 * 12) **Bill of Rights-** “Law of the Realm” It said Parliament picks the king, the king is not above the law, Protect citizens rights, Limited Constitutional Monarch, and Kings powers limited by Parliament
 * 13) **Cabinet-** The cabinet is the adviser to the king, it is a department of the government that controls the finance, state, Navy, and war
 * 14) **Boyars-** were the nobility of Moscow, they executed 1000’s, they were secret police, polo sons tongue ripped out, they were animals
 * 15) **Palace of Versailles-** 12 miles west of Paris, 27 years to build it, 20,000 acres, the functions of Versailles was it was the center of the government, to keep an eye on opposition, nobles required to live here, center of French culture, cool to live here

**__People:__**

 * 1) **Elizabeth 1**- known as “the virgin queen” and “good Queen Bess” said “I will have but one mistress England, and no master” her age was called the Elizabethan Age from 1558-1603
 * 2) **Philip II**- “The Prudent King” son of Charles V, Greatest of Spanish Kings he was king from 1556 to 1598, “Most Catholic King”
 * 3) **Mary Stuart**- Queen of Scotland, closest relative conspired to take throne, “Mary queen of Scots” she was imprisoned and beheaded in 1587
 * 4) **James 1**- Ruling family of Scotland son of Mary Stuart, King James Bible, he translated the bible to English in 1611
 * 5) **Charles**- son of James I, made the petition of Rights in 1628, it said King could not levy taxes without consent of parliament.
 * 6) **Oliver Cromwell**- “Lord Protector” dictator, Strict puritan rules, made the pump parliament which abolished the monarchy
 * 7) **James II**- Brother of Charles II, he was disliked by the parliament, Duke of York 1685-1688, he was Catholic, the lullaby Rock-a-bye baby was based on his birth
 * 8) **Rodrigo Diaz**- “El Cid” Champion, he was a Spanish hero who fought Muslims in Spain
 * 9) **Catherin the Great**- Czarine or Empress, she added 200,000 sq. miles to Russia and defeated Ottoman Turks gain Black Sea port
 * 10) **Czar Michael Romanov**- first of Romanov dynasty, ruling family of Russia from 1613- 1917